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During the period from 1911 to 1941, Sino-German cooperation was often close, culminating in an alliance between the Republic of China and Germany. Close cooperation dating back to the 1920s was instrumental in modernizing the industry and the armed forces of the Republic of China, especially in the period immediately preceding the Second Sino-Japanese War. Succeeding the Qing Dynasty in 1912, the Republic of China was fraught with factional warlordism from the inside and foreign incursions from the outside. The Northern Expedition of 1928 nominally unified China for the first time under Kuomintang control, yet Imperial Japan emerged as the greatest foreign threat. The urgent need for China to modernize its military and national defense industry, coupled with Germany's need for a stable supply of raw materials, put the two countries on the road of close relations from the late 1920s to the late 1930s. Although the period of intense cooperation was relatively short, lasting only from the Nazi takeover of Germany in 1933 to the start of the war with Japan in 1937, it had a profound effect on the modernization efforts of China, as well as her capability to resist the Japanese in the war. (more...)

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